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(=^80___PPT10.rHYJN  @(    # lwawa1 ?h X  V "    H1 ? 5   VH  0@e ? a(`   (    C x N\N\1 ?h -#  V "    N1 ?8   VH  0@e ? a(cxp^RЀ3ÿ lHbP  @AL G@;b `B&Vr@B2EFGN!Nq<(`P /0(  0;[0 0 000$([\{b00 000000000  0=] 0 0 0000 2 3 !A0C0E0G0I0c0000 Oh+'0 ( L X d p|'/PowerPoint Presentation - Project management,p,p,p,p,pIan Sommerville40pMicrosoft PowerPoint 4.0ct @w^@n殺u@Pź@uN ՜.+,0(@ !h___PPT2001D<4XH,___PPTMac11@f   hnamd`   K A4 Paperf && .TimesArialZapf DingbatsMonotype Sorts HelveticaMS PゴシックBlank PresentationMicrosoft Word DocumentSecurity Engineering ObjectivesTopics coveredSecurity engineeringSystem layers$Application/infrastru Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    RdO)]Gu:Pictures|PowerPoint Document(f SummaryInformation(     j !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789<=FGDiHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefgh~kklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|l;   !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~ k  !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijlmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~DocumentSummaryInformation8Current UserM  !cture securitySecurity conceptsExamples of security conceptsSecurity threatsSecurity controlsSecurity risk managementPreliminary risk assessmentAsset analysisThreat and control analysisSecurity requirements'_{f Ian SommervilleIan SommervilleLife cycle risk assessmentExamples of design decisionsTechnology vulnerabilitiesDesign for securityArchitecthnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography t   hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography 0   hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography ",   hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography %   hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography( &   hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography( &,   hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography ',   hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography (0   hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography    hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography     hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography( !   hnamd` Arial&Monotype Typography( ? %]Security Engineering     ObjectivesgTo introduce issues that must be considered in the specification and design of secure software To discuss security risk management and the derivation of security requirements from a risk analysis To describe good design practice for secure systems development. To explain the notion of system survivability and to introduce a method of survivability analysis.(hZ_e Topics coveredSSecurity concepts Security risk management Design for security System survivability8T+     KSecurity engineeringTools, techniques and methods to support the development and maintenance of systems that can resist malicious attacks that are intended to damage a computer-based system or its data. A sub-field of the broader field of computer security.&6g System layers s"#Application/infrastructure security $  Application security is a software engineering problem where the system is designed to resist attacks. Infrastructure security is a systems management problem where the infrastructure is configured to resist attacks. The focus of this chapter is application security.& gr3  t#Security management   u$Security concepts   v%Examples of security concepts   x&Security threats  Threats to the confidentiality of a system or its data Threats to the integrity of a system or its data Threats to the availability of a system or its data&714  y'Security controls  8Controls that are intended to ensure that attacks are unsuccessful. This is analagous to fault avoidance. Controls that are intended to detect and repel attacks. This is analagous to fault detection and tolerance. Controls that are intended to support recovery from problems. This is analagous to fault recovery.&9jlct  C   T   h    z(Security risk management  dRisk management is concerned with assessing the possible losses that might ensue from attacks on the system and balancing these losses against the costs of security procedures that may reduce these losses. Risk management should be driven by an organisational security policy. Risk management involves Preliminary risk assessment Life cycle risk assessmentB.7G7  @  E  a iPreliminary risk assessment   jTechnology vulnerabilities   kLayered protection   lA distributed equity system   mSystem deployment   nSystem survivability method   o  Key points   p! Key points   /8 YP sx,, L O ~ e|HH(dh  F <4`( 40(.   3 r*Oss1 ?     3 r:ss1 ?p>  H  0@޽h ? X(=^ F <4p(    3 r!"ss1 ?     3 rp!"ss1 ? rJ  H  0@޽h ? X(=^ F H@( vY   C x(&"ss1 ? rJ    C xP $ss1 ?/`   H  0@޽h ? X(=^  `( Sb@ l  C    l  C c9# rJ  H  0@޽h ? (=^80___PPT10.|rz   |tp (  l  C '   `  # ' rJ  H  0@޽h ? (=^80___PPT10.|rc   zr (  l  C  W (   ^  61?pH  0@޽h ? (=^80___PPT10.|r1   zr  ( 0A0B0A l  C &(   ^  61?Pp@H  0@޽h ? (=^80___PPT10.|rn  (  l  C ZG+   l  C * rJ  H  0@޽h ? (=^80___PPT10.~r+  (    l  C @/   l  C @@/ rJ  H  0@޽h ? (=^80___PPT10.~rxO  ( =qs l  C P+   l  C + rJ  H  0@޽h ? (=^80___PPT10.~rM1   |t  (  l  C I"   `  # b rJ  H  0@޽h ? 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To explain the notion of system survivability and to introduce a method of survivability analysis.(hZ_e Topics coveredSSecurity concepts Security risk management Design for security System survivability8T+     KSecurity engineeringTools, techniques and methods to support the development and maintenance of systems that can resist malicious attacks that are intended to damage a computer-based system or its data. A sub-field of the broader field of computer security.&6g System layers s"#Application/infrastructure security $  Application security is a software engineering problem where the system is designed to resist attacks. Infrastructure security is a systems management problem where the infrastructure is configured to resist attacks. The focus of this chapter is application security.& gr3  t#Security management   u$Security concepts   v%Examples of security concepts   x&Security threats  Threats to the confidentiality of a system or its data Threats to the integrity of a system or its data Threats to the availability of a system or its data&714  y'Security controls  8Controls that are intended to ensure that attacks are unsuccessful. This is analagous to fault avoidance. Controls that are intended to detect and repel attacks. This is analagous to fault detection and tolerance      !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|~. Controls that are intended to support recovery from problems. This is analagous to fault recovery.&9jlct  C   T   h    z(Security risk management  dRisk management is concerned with assessing the possible losses that might ensue from attacks on the system and balancing these losses against the costs of security procedures that may reduce these losses. Risk management should be driven by an organisational security policy. Risk management involves Preliminary risk assessment Life cycle risk assessmentB.7G7  @  E  a iPreliminary risk assessment   ~)Asset analysis   *Threat and control analysis   +Security requirements  dPatient information must be downloaded at the start of a clinic session to a secure area on the system client that is used by clinical staff. Patient information must not be maintained on system clients after a clinic session has finished. 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To explain the notion of system survivability and to introduce a method of survivability analysis.(hZ_e Topics coveredSSecurity concepts Security risk management Design for security System survivability8T+     KSecurity engineeringTools, techniques and methods to support the development and maintenance of systems that can resist malicious attacks that are intended to damage a computer-based system or its data. A sub-field of the broader field of computer security.&6g System layers s"#Application/infrastructure security $  Application security is a software engineering problem where the system is designed to resist attacks. Infrastructure security is a systems management problem where the infrastructure is configured to resist attacks. The focus of this chapter is application security.& gr3  t#Security management   u$Security concepts   v%Examples of security concepts   x&Security threats  Threats to the confidentiality of a system or its data Threats to the integrity of a system or its data Threats to the availability of a system or its data&714  y'Security controls  8Controls that are intended to ensure that attacks are unsuccessful. This is analagous to fault avoidance. Controls that are intended to detect and repel attacks. This is analagous to fault detection and tolerance. Controls that are intended to support recovery from problems. This is analagous to fault recovery.&9jlct  C   T   h    z(Security risk management  dRisk management is concerned with assessing the possible losses that might ensue from attacks on the system and balancing these losses against the costs of security procedures that may reduce these losses. Risk management should be driven by an organisational security policy. Risk management involves Preliminary risk assessment Life cycle risk assessmentB.7G7  @  E  a iPreliminary risk assessment   ~)Asset analysis   *Threat and control analysis   +Security requirements  dPatient information must be downloaded at the start of a clinic session to a secure area on the system client that is used by clinical staff. Patient information must not be maintained on system clients after a clinic session has finished. A log on a separate computer from the database server must be maintained of all changes made to the system database.&ebu e ,Life cycle risk assessment   Risk assessment while the system is being developed and after it has been deployed More information is available - system platform, middleware and the system architecture and data organisation. Vulnerabilities that arise from design choices may therefore be identified.0SoK &   N jTechnology vulnerabilities   kLayered protection   lA distributed equity system   mSystem deployment   nSystem survivability method   o  Key points   p! Key points   / Y !"#$%&P sx,, L O ~ e|HH(dh }   ( ! l  C ;   l  C  ; rJ  H  0@޽h ? 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To explain the notion of system survivability and to introduce a method of survivability analysis.(hZ_e Topics coveredSSecurity concepts Security risk management Design for security System survivability8T+     KSecurity engineeringTools, techniques and methods to support the development and maintenance of systems that can resist malicious attacks that are intended to damage a computer-based system or its data. A sub-field of the broader field of computer security.&6g System layers s"#Application/infrastructure security $  Application security is a software engineering problem where the system is designed to resist attacks. Infrastructure security is a systems management problem where the infrastructure is configured to resist attacks. The focus of this chapter is application security.& gr3  t#Security management   u$Security concepts   v%Examples of security concepts   x&Security threats  Threats to the confidentiality of a system or its data Threats to the integrity of a system or its data Threats to the availability of a system or its data&714  y'Security controls  8Controls that are intended to ensure that attacks are unsuccessful. This is analagous to fault avoidance. Controls that are intended to detect and repel attacks. This is analagous to fault detection and tolerance. Controls that are intended to support recovery from problems. This is analagous to fault recovery.&9jlct  C   T   h    z(Security risk management  dRisk management is concerned with assessing the possible losses that might ensue from attacks on the system and balancing these losses against the costs of security procedures that may reduce these losses. Risk management should be driven by an organisational security policy. Risk management involves Preliminary risk assessment Life cycle risk assessmentB.7G7  @  E  a iPreliminary risk assessment   ~)Asset analysis   *Threat and control analysis   +Security requirements  dPatient information must be downloaded at the start of a clinic session to a secure area on the system client that is used by clinical staff. Patient information must not be maintained on system clients after a clinic session has finished. A log on a separate computer from the database server must be maintained of all changes made to the system database.&ebu e ,Life cycle risk assessment   Risk assessment while the system is being developed and after it has been deployed More information is available - system platform, middleware and the system architecture and data organisation. Vulnerabilities that arise from design choices may therefore be identified.0SoK 4   M  -Examples of design decisions  System users authenticated using a name/password combination. The system architecture is client-server with clients accessing the system through a standard web browser. Information is presented as an editable web form.0>k1   jTechnology vulnerabilities   .Design for security  AArchitectural design - how do architectural design decisions affect the security of a system? Good practice - what is accepted good practice when designing secure systems? Design for deployment - what support should be designed into a system to avoid the introduction of vulnerabilities when a system is deployed for use?0B^N 4  &  /Architectural design  :Protection How should the system be organised so that critical assets can be protected against external attack? Distribution How should system assets be distributed so that the effects of a successful attack are minimised? Potentially conflicting If assets are distributed, then they are more expensive to protect.v e bD e b Dh$        C  0 Protection   NPlatform-level protection Application-level protection Record-level protection0O  O kLayered protection   lA distributed equity system   1Design guidelines  Design guidelines serve two purposes: They raise awareness of security issues in a software engineering team. They can be used as the basis of a review checklist that is applied during the system validation process.0&&Hj&  6 2Design guidelines 1  Base security decisions on an explicit security policy Avoid a single point of failure Fail securely Balance security and usability Be aware of the possibilities of social engineering:7  4  3Design guidelines 2  Use redundancy and diversity to reduce risk Validate all inputs Compartmentalise your assets Design for deployment Design for recoverability:, Z&      < 4Design for deployment  ^Deployment involves configuring software to operate in its working environment, installing the system and configuring it for the operational platform. Vulnerabilities may be introduced at this stage as a result of configuration mistakes. Designing deployment support into the system can reduce the probability that vulnerabilities will be introduced.0_Wp @e  }  { mSystem deployment   5Deployment support  Include support for viewing and analysing configurations Minimise default privileges and thus limit the damage that might be caused Localise configuration settings Provide easy ways to fix security vulnerabilities:9K 1 Z       B   I 6System survivability  Survivability is an emergent system property that reflects the systems ability to deliver essential services whilst it is under attack or after part of the system has been damaged Survivability analysis and design should be part of the security engineering process& T&Y   7Service availability   Which system services are the most critical for a business? How might these services be compromised? What is the minimal quality of service that must be maintained? How can these services be protected? If a service becomes unavailable, how quickly can it be recovered? HZ<)@% C&  D 8Survivability strategies  MResistance Avoiding problems by building capabilities into the system to resist attacks Recognition Detecting problems by building capabilities into the system to detect attacks and failures and assess the resultant damage Recovery Tolerating problems by building capabilities into the system to deliver services whilst under attack ZMZ Z{Z ZeZ M { e&   B nSystem survivability method   9Key activities  System understanding Review golas, requirements and architecture Critical service identification Identify services that must be maintained Attack simulation Devise attack scenarios and identify components affected Survivability analysis Identify survivability strategies to be appliedZ,Z Z*ZZ9ZZ0Z, * 90&   :Trading system survivability  User accounts and equity prices replicated across servers so some provision for survivability made Key capability to be maintained is the ability to place orders for stock Orders must be accurate and reflect the actual sales/purchases made by a trader0cIO   ;  o  Key points   p! 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Good practice - what is accepted good practice when designing secure systems? Design for deployment - what support should be designed into a system to avoid the introduction of vulnerabilities when a system is deployed for use?0B^N 4  &  /Architectural design  :Protection How should the system be organised so that critical assets can be protected against external attack? Distribution How should system assets be distributed so that the effects of a successful attack are minimised? Potentially conflicting If assets are distributed, then they are more expensive to protect.v e bD e b Dh$        C  0 Protection   NPlatform-level protection Application-level protection Record-level protection0O  O kLayered protection   lA distributed equity system   1Design guidelines  Design guidelines serve two purposes: They raise awareness of security issues in a software engineering team. They can be used as the basis of a review checklist that is applied during the system validation process.0&&Hj&  6 2Design guidelines 1  Base security decisions on an explicit security policy Avoid a single point of failure Fail securely Balance security and usability Be aware of the possibilities of social engineering:7  4  3Design guidelines 2  Use redundancy and diversity to reduce risk Validate all inputs Compartmentalise your assets Design for deployment Design for recoverability:, Z&      < 4Design for deployment  ^Deployment involves configuring software to operate in its working environment, installing the system and configuring it for the operational platform. Vulnerabilities may be introduced at this stage as a result of configuration mistakes. Designing deployment support into the system can reduce the probability that vulnerabilities will be introduced.0_Wp @e  }  { mSystem deployment   5Deployment support  Include support for viewing and analysing configurations Minimise default privileges and thus limit the damage that might be caused Localise configuration settings Provide easy ways to fix security vulnerabilities:9K 1 Z       B   I 6System survivability  Survivability is an emergent system property that reflects the systems ability to deliver essential services whilst it is under attack or after part of the system has been damaged Survivability analysis and design should be part of the security engineering process& T&Y   7Service availability   Which system services are the most critical for a business? How might these services be compromised? What is the minimal quality of service that must be maintained? How can these services be protected? If a service becomes unavailable, how quickly can it be recovered? HZ<)@% C&  D 8Survivability strategies  MResistance Avoiding problems by building capabilities into the system to resist attacks Recognition Detecting problems by building capabilities into the system to detect attacks and failures and assess the resultant damage Recovery Tolerating problems by building capabilities into the system to deliver services whilst under attack ZMZ Z{Z ZeZ M { e&   B nSystem survivability method   9Key activities  System understanding Review golas, requirements and architecture Critical service identification Identify services that must be maintained Attack simulation Devise attack scenarios and identify components affected Survivability analysis Identify survivability strategies to be appliedZ,Z Z*ZZ9ZZ0Z, * 90&   :Trading system survivability  User accounts and equity prices replicated across servers so some provision for survivability made Key capability to be maintained is the ability to place orders for stock Orders must be accurate and reflect the actual sales/purchases made by a trader0cIO   ;Survivability analysis   o  Key points  `Security engineering is concerned with how to develop systems that can resist malicious attacks  a p! 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To explain the notion of system survivability and to introduce a method of survivability analysis.(hZ_e Topics coveredSSecurity concepts Security risk management Design for security System survivability8T+     KSecurity engineeringTools, techniques and methods to support the development and maintenance of systems that can resist malicious attacks that are intended to damage a computer-based system or its data. A sub-field of the broader field of computer security.&6g System layers s"#Application/infrastructure security $  Application security is a software engineering problem where the system is designed to resist attacks. Infrastructure security is a systems management problem where the infrastructure is configured to resist attacks. The focus of this chapter is application security.& gr3  t#Security management   u$Security concepts   v%Examples of security concepts   x&Security threats  Threats to the confidentiality of a system or its data Threats to the integrity of a system or its data Threats to the availability of a system or its data&714  y'Security controls  8Controls that are intended to ensure that attacks are unsuccessful. This is analagous to fault avoidance. Controls that are intended to detect and repel attacks. This is analagous to fault detection and tolerance. Controls that are intended to support recovery from problems. This is analagous to fault recovery.&9jlct  C   T   h    z(Security risk management  dRisk management is concerned with assessing the possible losses that might ensue from attacks on the system and balancing these losses against the costs of security procedures that may reduce these losses. Risk management should be driven by an organisational security policy. Risk management involves Preliminary risk assessment Life cycle risk assessmentB.7G7  @  E  a iPreliminary risk assessment   ~)Asset analysis   *Threat and control analysis   +Security requirements  dPatient information must be downloaded at the start of a clinic session to a secure area on the system client that is used by clinical staff. Patient information must not be maintained on system clients after a clinic session has finished. A log on a separate computer from the database server must be maintained of all changes made to the system database.&ebu e ,Life cycle risk assessment   Risk assessment while the system is being developed and after it has been deployed More information is available - system platform, middleware and the system architecture and data organisation. Vulnerabilities that arise from design choices may therefore be identified.0SoK 4   M  -Examples of design decisions  System users authenticated using a name/password combination. The system architecture is client-server with clients accessing the system through a standard web browser. Information is presented as an editable web form.0>k1   jTechnology vulnerabilities   .Design for security  AArchitectural design - how do architectural design decisions affect the security of a system? Good practice - what is accepted good practice when designing secure systems? Design for deployment - what support should be designed into a system to avoid the introduction of vulnerabilities when a system is deployed for use?0B^N 4  &  /Architectural design  :Protection How should the system be organised so that critical assets can be protected against external attack? Distribution How should system assets be distributed so that the effects of a successful attack are minimised? Potentially conflicting If assets are distributed, then they are more expensive to protect.v e bD e b Dh$        C  0 Protection   NPlatform-level protection Application-level protection Record-level protection0O  O kLayered protection   lA distributed equity system   1Design guidelines  Design guidelines serve two purposes: They raise awareness of security issues in a software engineering team. They can be used as the basis of a review checklist that is applied during the system validation process.0&&Hj&  6 2Design guidelines 1  Base security decisions on an explicit security policy Avoid a single point of failure Fail securely Balance security and usability Be aware of the possibilities of social engineering:7  4  3Design guidelines 2  Use redundancy and diversity to reduce risk Validate all inputs Compartmentalise your assets Design for deployment Design for recoverability:, Z&      < 4Design for deployment  ^Deployment involves configuring software to operate in its working environment, installing the system and configuring it for the operational platform. Vulnerabilities may be introduced at this stage as a result of configuration mistakes. Designing deployment support into the system can reduce the probability that vulnerabilities will be introduced.0_Wp @e  }  { mSystem deployment   5Deployment support  Include support for viewing and analysing configurations Minimise default privileges and thus limit the damage that might be caused Localise configuration settings Provide easy ways to fix security vulnerabilities:9K 1 Z       B   I 6System survivability  Survivability is an emergent system property that reflects the systems ability to deliver essential services whilst it is under attack or after part of the system has been damaged Survivability analysis and design should be part of the security engineering process& T&Y   7Service availability   Which system services are the most critical for a business? How might these services be compromised? What is the minimal quality of service that must be maintained? How can these services be protected? If a service becomes unavailable, how quickly can it be recovered? HZ<)@% C&  D 8Survivability strategies  MResistance Avoiding problems by building capabilities into the system to resist attacks Recognition Detecting problems by building capabilities into the system to detect attacks and failures and assess the resultant damage Recovery Tolerating problems by building capabilities into the system to deliver services whilst under attack ZMZ Z{Z ZeZ M { e&   B nSystem survivability method   9Key activities  System understanding Review golas, requirements and architecture Critical service identification Identify services that must be maintained Attack simulation Devise attack scenarios and identify components affected Survivability analysis Identify survivability strategies to be appliedZ,Z Z*ZZ9ZZ0Z, * 90&   :Trading system survivability  User accounts and equity prices replicated across servers so some provision for survivability made Key capability to be maintained is the ability to place orders for stock Orders must be accurate and reflect the actual sales/purchases made by a trader0cIO   ;Survivability analysis   o  Key points  Security engineering is concerned with how to develop systems that can resist malicious attacks Security threats can be threats to confidentiality, integrity or availability of a system or its data Security risk management is concerned with assessing possible losses from attacks and deriving security requirements to minimise losses Design for security involves architectural design, following good design practice and minimising the introduction of system vulnerabilitiesD`f  @>   ]   + p! Key points  Key issues when designing a secure architecture include organising the structure to protect assets and distributing assets to minimise losses General security guidelines sensitise designers to security issues and serve as review checklists Configuration visualisation, setting localisation, and minimisation of default privileges help reduce deployment errors System survivability reflects the ability of a system to deliver services whilst under attack or after part of the system has been damaged.:Zbx  8   ;        J           / Y !"#$%&'()*+,-./0P sx,, L O ~ e|HH(dh w % z ( sosdkkngam l  C 6!$   f  3 7!$  rJ  H  0@޽h ? (=^___PPT10u.rG+D=' P= @B +} &  (  l  C I"   l  C b rJ  H  0@޽h ? 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%88Security Engineering     ObjectivesgTo introduce issues that must be considered in the specification and design of secure software To discuss security risk management and the derivation of security requirements from a risk analysis To describe good design practice for secure systems development. To explain the notion of system survivability and to introduce a method of survivability analysis.(hZ_e Topics coveredSSecurity concepts Security risk management Design for security System survivability8T+     KSecurity engineeringTools, techniques and methods to support the development and maintenance of systems that can resist malicious attacks that are intended to damage a computer-based system or its data. A sub-field of the broader field of computer security.&6g System layers s"#Application/infrastructure security $  Application security is a software engineering problem where the system is designed to resist attacks. Infrastructure security is a systems management problem where the infrastructure is configured to resist attacks. The focus of this chapter is application security.& gr3  u$Security concepts   v%Examples of security concepts   x&Security threats  Threats to the confidentiality of a system or its data Threats to the integrity of a system or its data Threats to the availability of a system or its data&714  y'Security controls  8Controls that are intended to ensure that attacks are unsuccessful. This is analagous to fault avoidance. Controls that are intended to detect and repel attacks. This is analagous to fault detection and tolerance. Controls that are intended to support recovery from problems. This is analagous to fault recovery.&9jlct  C   T   h    z(Security risk management  dRisk management is concerned with assessing the possible losses that might ensue from attacks on the system and balancing these losses against the costs of security procedures that may reduce these losses. Risk management should be driven by an organisational security policy. Risk management involves Preliminary risk assessment Life cycle risk assessmentB.7G7  @  E  a iPreliminary risk assessment   ~)Asset analysis   *Threat and control analysis   +Security requirements  dPatient information must be downloaded at the start of a clinic session to a secure area on the system client that is used by clinical staff. Patient information must not be maintained on system clients after a clinic session has finished. A log on a separate computer from the database server must be maintained of all changes made to the system database.&ebu e ,Life cycle risk assessment   Risk assessment while the system is being developed and after it has been deployed More information is available - system platform, middleware and the system architecture and data organisation. Vulnerabilities that arise from design choices may therefore be identified.0SoK 4   M  -Examples of design decisions  System users authenticated using a name/password combination. The system architecture is client-server with clients accessing the system through a standard web browser. Information is presented as an editable web form.0>k1   jTechnology vulnerabilities   .Design for security  AArchitectural design - how do architectural design decisions affect the security of a system? Good practice - what is accepted good practice when designing secure systems? Design for deployment - what support should be designed into a system to avoid the introduction of vulnerabilities when a system is deployed for use?0B^N 4  &  /Architectural design  :Protection How should the system be organised so that critical assets can be protected against external attack? Distribution How should system assets be distributed so that the effects of a successful attack are minimised? Potentially conflicting If assets are distributed, then they are more expensive to protect.v e bD e b Dh$        C  0 Protection   NPlatform-level protection Application-level protection Record-level protection0O  O kLayered protection   lA distributed equity system   1Design guidelines  Design guidelines encapsulate good practice in secure systems design Design guidelines serve two purposes: They raise awareness of security issues in a software engineering team. They can be used as the basis of a review checklist that is applied during the system validation process.0kkHj&  6 2Design guidelines 1  Base security decisions on an explicit security policy Avoid a single point of failure Fail securely Balance security and usability Be aware of the possibilities of social engineering:7  4  3Design guidelines 2  Use redundancy and diversity to reduce risk Validate all inputs Compartmentalise your assets Design for deployment Design for recoverability:, Z&      < 4Design for deployment  ^Deployment involves configuring software to operate in its working environment, installing the system and configuring it for the operational platform. Vulnerabilities may be introduced at this stage as a result of configuration mistakes. Designing deployment support into the system can reduce the probability that vulnerabilities will be introduced.0_Wp @e  }  { mSystem deployment   5Deployment support  Include support for viewing and analysing configurations Minimise default privileges and thus limit the damage that might be caused Localise configuration settings Provide easy ways to fix security vulnerabilities:9K 1 Z       B   I 6System survivability  Survivability is an emergent system property that reflects the systems ability to deliver essential services whilst it is under attack or after part of the system has been damaged Survivability analysis and design should be part of the security engineering process& T&Y   7Service availability   Which system services are the most critical for a business? How might these services be compromised? What is the minimal quality of service that must be maintained? How can these services be protected? If a service becomes unavailable, how quickly can it be recovered? HZ<)@% C&  D 8Survivability strategies  MResistance Avoiding problems by building capabilities into the system to resist attacks Recognition Detecting problems by building capabilities into the system to detect attacks and failures and assess the resultant damage Recovery Tolerating problems by building capabilities into the system to deliver services whilst under attack ZMZ Z{Z ZeZ M { e&   B nSystem survivability method   9Key activities  System understanding Review golas, requirements and architecture Critical service identification Identify services that must be maintained Attack simulation Devise attack scenarios and identify components affected Survivability analysis Identify survivability strategies to be appliedZ,Z Z*ZZ9ZZ0Z, * 90&   :Trading system survivability  User accounts and equity prices replicated across servers so some provision for survivability made Key capability to be maintained is the ability to place orders for stock Orders must be accurate and reflect the actual sales/purchases made by a trader0cIO   ;Survivability analysis   o  Key points  Security engineering is concerned with how to develop systems that can resist malicious attacks Security threats can be threats to confidentiality, integrity or availability of a system or its data Security risk management is concerned with assessing possible losses from attacks and deriving security requirements to minimise losses Design for security involves architectural design, following good design practice and minimising the introduction of system vulnerabilitiesD`f  @>   ]   + p! 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%88Security Engineering     ObjectivesgTo introduce issues that must be considered in the specification and design of secure software To discuss security risk management and the derivation of security requirements from a risk analysis To describe good design practice for secure systems development. To explain the notion of system survivability and to introduce a method of survivability analysis.(hZ_e Topics coveredSSecurity concepts Security risk management Design for security System survivability8T+     KSecurity engineeringTools, techniques and methods to support the development and maintenance of systems that can resist malicious attacks that are intended to damage a computer-based system or its data. A sub-field of the broader field of computer security.&6g System layers s"#Application/infrastructure security $  Application security is a software engineering problem where the system is designed to resist attacks. Infrastructure security is a systems management problem where the infrastructure is configured to resist attacks. The focus of this chapter is application security.& gr3  u$Security concepts   v%Examples of security concepts   x&Security threats  Threats to the confidentiality of a system or its data Threats to the integrity of a system or its data Threats to the availability of a system or its data&714  y'Security controls  8Controls that are intended to ensure that attacks are unsuccessful. This is analagous to fault avoidance. Controls that are intended to detect and repel attacks. This is analagous to fault detection and tolerance. Controls that are intended to support recovery from problems. This is analagous to fault recovery.&9jlct  C   T   h    z(Security risk management  dRisk management is concerned with assessing the possible losses that might ensue from attacks on the system and balancing these losses against the costs of security procedures that may reduce these losses. Risk management should be driven by an organisational security policy. Risk management involves Preliminary risk assessment Life cycle risk assessmentB.7G7  @  E  a iPreliminary risk assessment   ~)Asset analysis   *Threat and control analysis   +Security requirements  dPatient information must be downloaded at the start of a clinic session to a secure area on the system client that is used by clinical staff. Patient information must not be maintained on system clients after a clinic session has finished. A log on a separate computer from the database server must be maintained of all changes made to the system database.&ebu e ,Life cycle risk assessment   Risk assessment while the system is being developed and after it has been deployed More information is available - system platform, middleware and the system architecture and data organisation. Vulnerabilities that arise from design choices may therefore be identified.0SoK 4   M  -Examples of design decisions  System users authenticated using a name/password combination. The system architecture is client-server with clients accessing the system through a standard web browser. Information is presented as an editable web form.0>k1   jTechnology vulnerabilities   .Design for security  AArchitectural design - how do architectural design decisions affect the security of a system? Good practice - what is accepted good practice when designing secure systems? Design for deployment - what support should be designed into a system to avoid the introduction of vulnerabilities when a system is deployed for use?0B^N 4  &  /Architectural design  :Protection How should the system be organised so that critical assets can be protected against external attack? Distribution How should system assets be distributed so that the effects of a successful attack are minimised? Potentially conflicting If assets are distributed, then they are more expensive to protect.v e bD e b Dh$        C  0 Protection   NPlatform-level protection Application-level protection Record-level protection0O  O kLayered protection   lA distributed equity system   1Design guidelines  Design guidelines encapsulate good practice in secure systems design Design guidelines serve two purposes: They raise awareness of security issues in a software engineering team. They can be used as the basis of a review checklist that is applied during the system validation process.0kkHj&  6 2Design guidelines 1  Base security decisions on an explicit security policy Avoid a single point of failure Fail securely Balance security and usability Be aware of the possibilities of social engineering:7  4  3Design guidelines 2  Use redundancy and diversity to reduce risk Validate all inputs Compartmentalise your assets Design for deployment Design for recoverability:, Z&      < 4Design for deployment  ^Deployment involves configuring software to operate in its working environment, installing the system and configuring it for the operational platform. Vulnerabilities may be introduced at this stage as a result of configuration mistakes. Designing deployment support into the system can reduce the probability that vulnerabilities will be introduced.0_Wp @e  }  { mSystem deployment   5Deployment support  Include support for viewing and analysing configurations Minimise default privileges and thus limit the damage that might be caused Localise configuration settings Provide easy ways to fix security vulnerabilities:9K 1 Z       B   I 6System survivability  Survivability is an emergent system property that reflects the systems ability to deliver essential services whilst it is under attack or after part of the system has been damaged Survivability analysis and design should be part of the security engineering process& T&Y   7Service availability   Which system services are the most critical for a business? How might these services be compromised? What is the minimal quality of service that must be maintained? How can these services be protected? If a service becomes unavailable, how quickly can it be recovered? HZ<)@% C&  D 8Survivability strategies  MResistance Avoiding problems by building capabilities into the system to resist attacks Recognition Detecting problems by building capabilities into the system to detect attacks and failures and assess the resultant damage Recovery Tolerating problems by building capabilities into the system to deliver services whilst under attack ZMZ Z{Z ZeZ M { e&   B nSystem survivability method   9Key activities  System understanding Review golas, requirements and architecture Critical service identification Identify services that must be maintained Attack simulation Devise attack scenarios and identify components affected Survivability analysis Identify survivability strategies to be appliedZ,Z Z*ZZ9ZZ0Z, * 90&   :Trading system survivability  User accounts and equity prices replicated across servers so some provision for survivability made Key capability to be maintained is the ability to place orders for stock Orders must be accurate and reflect the actual sales/purchases made by a trader0cIO   ;Survivability analysis   o  Key points  Security engineering is concerned with how to develop systems that can resist malicious attacks Security threats can be threats to confidentiality, integrity or availability of a system or its data Security risk management is concerned with assessing possible losses from attacks and deriving security requirements to minimise losses Design for security involves architectural design, following good design practice and minimising the introduction of system vulnerabilitiesD`f  @>   ]   + p! Key points  Key issues when designing a secure architecture include organising the structure to protect assets and distributing assets to minimise losses General security guidelines sensitise designers to security issues and serve as review checklists Configuration visualisation, setting localisation, and minimisation of default privileges help reduce deployment errors System survivability reflects the ability of a system to deliver services whilst under attack or after part of the system has been damaged.:Zbx  8   ;        J           /( Y !"#$%&'()*+,-./012345P sx,, L O ~ e|HH(dh  $ |X( "p6! |^ | 61? `l | C !$   F | C A 30P @H | 0@޽h ? 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%88Security Engineering     ObjectivesgTo introduce issues that must be considered in the specification and design of secure software To discuss security risk management and the derivation of security requirements from a risk analysis To describe good design practice for secure systems development. To explain the notion of system survivability and to introduce a method of survivability analysis.(hZ_e Topics coveredSSecurity concepts Security risk management Design for security System survivability8T+     KSecurity engineeringTools, techniques and methods to support the development and maintenance of systems that can resist malicious attacks that are intended to damage a computer-based system or its data. A sub-field of the broader field of computer security.&6g System layers s"#Application/infrastructure security $  Application security is a software engineering problem where the system is designed to resist attacks. Infrastructure security is a systems management problem where the infrastructure is configured to resist attacks. The focus of this chapter is application security.& gr3  u$Security concepts   v%Examples of security concepts   x&Security threats  Threats to the confidentiality of a system or its data Threats to the integrity of a system or its data Threats to the availability of a system or its data&714  y'Security controls  8Controls that are intended to ensure that attacks are unsuccessful. This is analagous to fault avoidance. Controls that are intended to detect and repel attacks. This is analagous to fault detection and tolerance. Controls that are intended to support recovery from problems. This is analagous to fault recovery.&9jlct  C   T   h    z(Security risk management  dRisk management is concerned with assessing the possible losses that might ensue from attacks on the system and balancing these losses against the costs of security procedures that may reduce these losses. Risk management should be driven by an organisational security policy. Risk management involves Preliminary risk assessment Life cycle risk assessmentB.7G7  @  E  a iPreliminary risk assessment   ~)Asset analysis   *Threat and control analysis   +Security requirements  dPatient information must be downloaded at the start of a clinic session to a secure area on the system client that is used by clinical staff. Patient information must not be maintained on system clients after a clinic session has finished. A log on a separate computer from the database server must be maintained of all changes made to the system database.&ebu e ,Life cycle risk assessment   Risk assessment while the system is being developed and after it has been deployed More information is available - system platform, middleware and the system architecture and data organisation. Vulnerabilities that arise from design choices may therefore be identified.0SoK 4   M  -Examples of design decisions  System users authenticated using a name/password combination. The system architecture is client-server with clients accessing the system through a standard web browser. Information is presented as an editable web form.0>k1   jTechnology vulnerabilities   .Design for security  AArchitectural design - how do architectural design decisions affect the security of a system? Good practice - what is accepted good practice when designing secure systems? Design for deployment - what support should be designed into a system to avoid the introduction of vulnerabilities when a system is deployed for use?0B^N 4  &  /Architectural design  :Protection How should the system be organised so that critical assets can be protected against external attack? Distribution How should system assets be distributed so that the effects of a successful attack are minimised? Potentially conflicting If assets are distributed, then they are more expensive to protect.v e bD e b Dh$        C  0 Protection   NPlatform-level protection Application-level protection Record-level protection0O  O kLayered protection   lA distributed equity system   1Design guidelines  Design guidelines encapsulate good practice in secure systems design Design guidelines serve two purposes: They raise awareness of security issues in a software engineering team. They can be used as the basis of a review checklist that is applied during the system validation process.0kkHj&  6 2Design guidelines 1  Base security decisions on an explicit security policy Avoid a single point of failure Fail securely Balance security and usability Be aware of the possibilities of social engineering:7  4  3Design guidelines 2  Use redundancy and diversity to reduce risk Validate all inputs Compartmentalise your assets Design for deployment Design for recoverability:, Z&      < 4Design for deployment  ^Deployment involves configuring software to operate in its working environment, installing the system and configuring it for the operational platform. Vulnerabilities may be introduced at this stage as a result of configuration mistakes. Designing deployment support into the system can reduce the probability that vulnerabilities will be introduced.0_Wp @e  }  { mSystem deployment   5Deployment support  Include support for viewing and analysing configurations Minimise default privileges and thus limit the damage that might be caused Localise configuration settings Provide easy ways to fix security vulnerabilities:9K 1 Z       B   I 6System survivability  Survivability is an emergent system property that reflects the systems ability to deliver essential services whilst it is under attack or after part of the system has been damaged Survivability analysis and design should be part of the security engineering process& T&Y   7Service availability   Which system services are the most critical for a business? How might these services be compromised? What is the minimal quality of service that must be maintained? How can these services be protected? If a service becomes unavailable, how quickly can it be recovered? HZ<)@% C&  D 8Survivability strategies  MResistance Avoiding problems by building capabilities into the system to resist attacks Recognition Detecting problems by building capabilities into the system to detect attacks and failures and assess the resultant damage Recovery Tolerating problems by building capabilities into the system to deliver services whilst under attack ZMZ Z{Z ZeZ M { e&   B nSystem survivability method   9Key activities  System understanding Review golas, requirements and architecture Critical service identification Identify services that must be maintained Attack simulation Devise attack scenarios and identify components affected Survivability analysis Identify survivability strategies to be appliedZ,Z Z*ZZ9ZZ0Z, * 90&   :Trading system survivability  User accounts and equity prices replicated across servers so some provision for survivability made Key capability to be maintained is the ability to place orders for stock Orders must be accurate and reflect the actual sales/purchases made by a trader0cIO   ;Survivability analysis   o  Key points  Security engineering is concerned with how to develop systems that can resist malicious attacks Security threats can be threats to confidentiality, integrity or availability of a system or its data Security risk management is concerned with assessing possible losses from attacks and deriving security requirements to minimise losses Design for security involves architectural design, following good design practice and minimising the introduction of system vulnerabilitiesD`f  @>   ]   + p! 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