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Reuse of COTS systems involves adapting and configuring these systems for a specific operational environment. Examples Develop Excel spreadsheets to support project costing Configure a patient record system for a specific medical practiceHZxZn x   Requirements issuesThe top-down process of identifying requirements then building a system to deliver these requirements does not work Rather, requirements engineering is an iterative process What is wanted by stakeholders? What is available from existing systems? What is available from the system that is chosen Stakeholders expectations have to be managed The delivered system may not provide them with what they wantZzZ-Z>Zt9 )  1-> General benefitsExtensive functionality can be delivered more quickly and more cheaply than for applications that are specially developed for specific requirements Systems should be more reliable because they are widely used and extensively tested Businesses can focus on their core activity rather than concerning themselves with IT systems development Technology updates may be simplified as operating platforms evolve<ZTjC   General problems'Choosing the right COTS system for a particular organisation can be difficult There may be a lack of expertise available to support systems development System evolution is controlled by the system vendor rather than the system buyer New versions may include unwanted functionality; Required functionality may not be included Source code is not available so buyers are reliant the system vendor continuing to support the product Product documentation is often inadequate Difficult to estimate the costs and risks of system configuration and integrationTZ\ZZQ\   'Commercial Off-the-Shelf Systems (COTS) (' COTS-solution systems Choose a generic system that has been developed to deliver some business function and adapt that system to the needs of a particular organisation. COTS-integrated systems Develop a new system by choosing a number of COTS systems and integrating these to deliver combined functionality. Additional software (glueware) is required to make these systems work together. ZZZZ   COTS solution systemsDomain-specific applications Application systems that are designed to support a particular business application For example, an appointment management system for dentists Generic applications Generic systems that can be used with a range of other applications For example, email clients or spreadsheets Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems Generic business systems built around a shared databaseZZZoZ+Z8ZS;  D++8 Domain specific applicationsDomain-specific applications are (usually) business systems that have been designed to support a particular business function Document management Payroll and salaries Student record management Event booking Usually have a basis in a specific system which has been generalised for wider use Systems incorporate assumptions made by the vendor about the domain of application E.g. students will only be registered for a degree at one university~ZQZZEZ~  E Benefits  Designed for a specific application area so provide extensive, integrated functionality to support that area A specific user community may be created to share knowledge of problems and how to use the system effectively Usually designed to support information sharing2 mn/  Problems The assumptions made by the vendor may not hold for the user of the system We shall see later a system that had problems because it assumed that it would be used under a particular legal system The process of use may not match user processes Systems may only be available on limited platforms Sometimes expensive Reliant on continuing support from a single vendor May be no or limited API for integration with other systems`KZwZZKw03   Generic applicationsGeneric applications are general-purpose systems such as Excel or e-mail clients. That is, they offer functionality that is likely to be useful in many different areas of work They may be configured to create personal systems Excel, especially, has very powerful configuration features that allow application-oriented spreadsheets to be created More commonly, generic applications are incorporated as part of COTS-integrated systemsTZwZXZ2wX   Benefits cUsually cheap Widely used and tested so fairly reliable May already be licensed for use by the organisation procuring the system May be supported on different platforms Users may already be familiar with their user interface (e.g. if Word is used for text input) Incorporate extensive functionality so may be used in a range of different application typesfdZ)H (^\ Problems As the systems are designed for stand-alone use, the API may not be well-defined or documented This causes difficulties in integration with other systems Undocumented system features may be incompatible with or may conflict with other installed systems System versions on different platforms may not be completely compatible Systems are regularly superceded by new versions which may be incompatible The system vendor may not support older versions of the system`_Z;Z5Z_;>   ERP systems ERP systems are intended to provide support for all data and processes in an organisation in a single, integrated system Most large companies have now adopted some form of ERP system Everything is integrated around a single database Generally, ERP systems include a number of business-focused modules (e.g. manufacturing, supply chain, human resources, etc.) that are integrated using a set of process workflows and business rules Primarily used by large companies and organisations SAP and Oracle are the major vendors of ERP systemsTZy=2  4Systems architecture ERP systems developmentxModules in an ERP system are large and complex and extensive configuration is needed to describe the processes and rules of a business Configuration involves: Selection of modules - what business activities should be/can be integrated Development of process workflows Specification of schemas Definition of business rules Definition of input forms Definition of output reports`ZZL!  TBenefits Integration across business functions. Data from one function is visible to other functions Reduces data duplication Reduces the number of separate software systems that have to be managed and maintained R(NW(5X Problems Very complex to configure ERP systems - thousands of tables and reports may have to be defined There may be a mismatch between the processes and rules supported by the ERP system and an organisation s processes Forces a standard way of working on businesses Can therefore lose competitive edge because of better processes than competitors Difficult to integrate with legacy systemsZQ+_t0Q  +COTS integrated systems_This approach is used when there is no single COTS system that can provide the required functionality or where it is essential for a new system to integrate with existing organisational systems An application is constructed by integrating COTS systems from different vendors Middleware is used to support communications between these different systems*`ZLSolution vs integrated COTS E-procurement system COTS products reusedOn the client, standard e-mail and web browsing programs are used. On the server, an e-commerce platform has to be integrated with an existing ordering system which was part of an ERP system. This involves writing an adaptor so that they can exchange data. An e-mail system is also integrated to generate e-mail for clients. This also requires an adaptor to receive data from the ordering and invoicing system.0ZZBenefits "Extends the functionality of existing systems Faster system development and deployment E.g. the e-procurement system was delivered in 9 months rather than the predicted 3 years Infrastructure upgrades are provided by the system vendors E.g. systems are updated for new releases of the OS nXZ<4/)Z< 4Problems )Architectural mismatch The architectural models of the different products may be incompatible e.g. they may use different event models. Middleware may have to be written to resolve this problem Performance problems Systems with acceptable performance as stand-alone systems may not be as effective when combined with other systems Problems of upgrade management Different vendors may have different upgrade cycles Security issues The security features of the different systems may be incompatible. Integration may only be possible by weakening securityZZZtZZ5ZZ{Zt  5{:5 Key points }Reuse of COTS systems requires the business to adapt its requirements and processes to fit the assumptions in the system that is being reused COTS solution systems are single domain specific or generic systems that are reused. Development involves configuration COTS integrated systems involve several different COTS systems. 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Each COTS product may assume that it is in control thus making it hard for them to work together Also issues of overlapping infrastructure - each product may supply overlapping functionality of libraries etc. This may lead to very large systems and performance problems.Dq' ,v0H  0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.9ssh 5  (  X C     S j @    H  0޽h ? 3380___PPT10.>sdxp^RЀ3ÿ lHbP  @AL G@;b `B&V>>>========<<<<<<q;;;;;;;;;;;;M;;;;;;;.;;;;;;;; ՜.+,0(    On-screen ShowIan Sommervillex  ArialＭＳ ＰゴシックTimesZapf DingbatsMonotype SortsAOSD-1COTS-based System Engineering Objectives(Commercial Off-the-Shelf Systems (COTS)Requirements issuesGeneral benefitsGeneral problems(Commercial Off-the-Shelf Systems (COTS)COTS solution systemsDomain specific applications Benefits ProblemsGeneric applications Benefits Problems ERP systemsSystems architectureERP systems development Benefits ProblemsCOTS integrated systemsSolution vs integrated COTSE-procurement systemCOTS products reused Benefits Problems Key points  Fonts UsedDesign Template Slide Titles'_h DIan SommervilleIan Sommerville